Friday, September 13, 2019

Control Systems module 1

SYLLABUS
1. Introduction
* system versus Control system
* Open loop, Closed loop system
* Open loop Transfer Function, Transfer Function for
     (1st and 2nd order)
 * Characteristic Equation
* Type and Order for OPEN LOOP, Closed loop
* Poles, zeros,
* Approximate response
* Transfer function to electrical network
* Transfer function to Differential equation
* Sensitivity (Ş)

2. Block diagram and signal flow graph
* Equivalent diagram
* Overall Transfer function (mason's gain formula)
* Division of nodes (input nodes)
* Signal Flow Graph to electrical network

3. Time Response (transient and steady state)
Transfer function for first order system
Transfer function of second order system (impulse or Step)
Undamped, underdamped, Critical Damped, Over Damped
* Time domain specifications c(t)
* Rise time, Peak time, Settling time, Maximum Peak over shoot, % Peak over shoot, N, T oscillation
ess for unity and non-Unity feedback system

4. RH criteria
Ø Necessary and Sufficient Conditions
Ø Difficulty 1 and Difficulty 2
Ø Concept of Row of Zeros
Ø Relative Stability

5. Root Locus
Ø Direction, range of K
Ø Angle and magnitude condition
Ø Rules ( symmetry, number of root loci, real Axis root locus 
    branches, angle of assymptotes, Centroid (Ϭ), Break away 
    point, Intersection Point with  imaginary axis, frequency of 
    oscillation, Gain at Imaginary axis, angle of  departure ɸd
    angle of arrival ɸa
Ø Addition of poles and zeros Inverse Root Locus and Root contour

6. Frequency Domain Analysis 
BODE PLOT   POLAR PLOT   NYQUIST PLOT
BODE PLOT
slopes and phase angle for Poles & Zeros
* Draw magnitude and phase plot.
* Mi (initial magnitude)
* Transfer function from plot (Calculation of K)
* Steady state error, Gain Margin & Phase Margin, Wgc, Wpc

7. Polar plot, Nyquist plot
* Shortcut procedure
* Number of closed loop poles on right side  that is number of 
   encirclement
* Encirclement about origin or Critical point,
* Gain Margin & Phase Margin and N
* Number of ∞ radius semi circle. Type and order

State space analysis
* Differential Equation, Transfer Function, SFG 
* Electrical network to  State model
State Machine to Transfer Function
State Machine to STM, ZIR, ZSR State equation

Kalman’s test,   Gilbert test for Controllability and Observability, 
                                                   State variable feedback controller

Compensator 
* Lead compensator
* Lag
Lead lag
* lag lead  
ØFilters  
Ø pole zero order
ØEffects  

Controller
1. P, I, D, PI, PD, PID
2. PID effects of TF
3. Practical circuit

Friday, August 30, 2019

NET Syllabus and Study material

.
              UNIVERSITY GRANTS COMMISSION NET BUREAU
Syllabus
 Subject: GENERAL PAPER ON TEACHING & RESEARCH APTITUDE   Code No. : 00

 PAPER-I

Sl.
No.

Subjects

Marks weightage (app)

How to Study??

1
Teaching Aptitude
10
Short notes
2
Research Aptitude
10
Short notes
3
Comprehension
10
Hindu newspaper
4
Communication
10
Short notes
5
Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
10
Practice
6
Logical Reasoning
10
Practice
7
Data Interpretation
10
Practice
8
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
10
Current affairs
9
People, Development and Environment
10
Current affairs
10
Higher Education System
10
Ideal thinking

Detail syllabus:

1
Teaching Aptitude
Ø Teaching: Concept, Objectives, Levels of teaching (Memory, Understanding and Reflective), Characteristics and basic requirements.
Ø Learner’s characteristics: Characteristics of adolescent and adult learners (Academic, Social, Emotional and Cognitive), Individual differences.

Ø Factors affecting teaching related to: Teacher, Learner, Support material, Instructional facilities, Learning environment and Institution.
Ø Methods of teaching in Institutions of higher learning: Teacher centred vs. Learner centred methods; Off-line vs. On-line methods (Swayam, Swayamprabha, MOOCs etc.).
Ø Teaching Support System: Traditional, Modern and ICT based.
Ø Evaluation Systems: Elements and Types of evaluation, Evaluation in Choice Based Credit System in Higher education, Computer based testing, Innovations in evaluation systems.
2
Research Aptitude
Ø Research: Meaning, Types, and Characteristics, Positivism and Post- positivistic approach to research. 
Ø Methods of Research: Experimental, Descriptive, Historical, Qualitative and Quantitative methods.
Ø Steps of Research.
Ø Thesis and Article writing: Format and styles of referencing.
Ø Application of ICT in research.
Ø Research ethics.
3
Comprehension
Ø A passage of text be given. Questions be asked from the passage to be answered.
4
Communication
Ø Communication: Meaning, types and characteristics of communication.
Ø Effective communication: Verbal and Non-verbal, Inter-Cultural and group communications, Classroom communication. 
Ø Barriers to effective communication.
Ø Mass-Media and Society.
5
Mathematical Reasoning and Aptitude
Ø Types of reasoning.
Ø Number series, Letter series, Codes and Relationships.
Ø Mathematical Aptitude (Fraction, Time & Distance, Ratio, Proportion and Percentage, Profit and Loss, Interest and Discounting, Averages etc.).
6
Logical Reasoning
Ø Understanding the structure of arguments: argument forms, structure of categorical propositions, Mood and Figure, Formal and Informal fallacies, Uses of language, Connotations and denotations of terms, Classical square of opposition.
Ø Evaluating and distinguishing deductive and inductive reasoning.
Ø Analogies. 
Ø Venn diagram: Simple and multiple use for establishing validity of arguments.
Ø Indian Logic: Means of knowledge.
Ø Pramanas: Pratyaksha (Perception), Anumana (Inference), Upamana (Comparison), Shabda (Verbal testimony), Arthapatti (Implication) and Anupalabddhi (Non-apprehension). 
Ø Structure and kinds of Anumana (inference), Vyapti (invariable relation), Hetvabhasas (fallacies of inference).

7
Data Interpretation
Ø Sources, acquisition and classification of Data.
Ø Quantitative and Qualitative Data.
Ø Graphical representation (Bar-chart, Histograms, Pie-chart, Table-chart  and Line-chart) and mapping of Data.
Ø Data Interpretation.
Ø Data and Governance.  
8
Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
Ø ICT: General abbreviations and terminology.
Ø Basics of Internet, Intranet, E-mail, Audio and Video-conferencing.
Ø Digital initiatives in higher education.
Ø ICT and Governance.
9
People, Development and Environment
Ø Development and environment: Millennium development and Sustainable development goals.
Ø Human and environment interaction: Anthropogenic activities and their impacts on environment.
Ø Environmental issues: Local, Regional and Global; Air pollution, Water pollution, Soil pollution, Noise pollution, Waste (solid, liquid, biomedical, hazardous, electronic), Climate change and its Socio-Economic and Political dimensions.
Ø Impacts of pollutants on human health.
Ø Natural and energy resources: Solar, Wind, Soil, Hydro, Geothermal, Biomass, Nuclear and Forests.
Ø Natural hazards and disasters: Mitigation strategies.
Ø Environmental Protection Act (1986), National Action Plan on Climate Change, International agreements/efforts -Montreal Protocol, Rio Summit, Convention on Biodiversity, Kyoto Protocol, Paris Agreement, International Solar Alliance. 
10
Higher Education System
Ø Institutions of higher learning and education in ancient India.
Ø Evolution of higher learning and research in Post Independence India.
Ø Oriental, Conventional and Non-conventional learning programmes in India.
Ø Professional, Technical and Skill Based education.
Ø Value education and environmental education.
Ø Policies, Governance, and Administration.

 

                          


Linear Integrated circuits: module 1

Module 1

Topics to be covered:
      Introduction to op-amp
• Feedback & its type
 What do you mean by Virtual GND
• When Virtual GND is valid
 Linear applications
 Non-linear applications
 Need for op-amp
 Voltage Regulators
• Timers
• Phase locked loop
Op-amp µA741 Data sheet:
PIN Diagram:
Amplifier block diagram:
Fig. Internal Block diagram of an op-amp
Black Box model
Mathematical operations that can be performed using op-amp µA741:
Linear operation
Nonlinear operation
Addition (Summer)
Logarithm
Subtraction (Difference)
Anti-logarithm
Differentiation

Integration

Voltage follower/ buffer

Circuit diagram:
 Inverting Amplifier                              Non-Inverting Amplifier   
Inverting amplifier vs Non-Inverting amplifier
Advantages of Voltage follower circuit:
1.Input Impedance is High
2.Output  Impedance is Low
3.Large Bandwidth
4.Output follows Input without phase change

Other Op-amp configurations are:
  Ø Comparator
  Ø Instrumentation Amplifier
  Ø Schmitt Trigger
Comparatoris the circuit which compares 2 inputs V1, V2 and produces o/p as:
+VSAT, 0, -VSAT